PCOD and PCOS: Symptoms, Causes, Differences and Treatment

PCOD and PCOS: What Are They?

PCOD and PCOS are two terms often used interchangeably to refer to a common endocrine disorder affecting the reproductive system in women. PCOD stands for Polycystic Ovarian Disease, a condition where the ovaries contain many small cysts or follicles that do not mature and release eggs as they usually would during a menstrual cycle. On the other hand, PCOS stands for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, a broader term used to describe symptoms that often accompany PCOD, including irregular menstrual cycles, high levels of androgen hormones (such as testosterone), insulin resistance, and infertility. While there is no cure for PCOD/PCOS, various available treatments can help manage the symptoms and improve the quality of life.

What is PCOD?

PCOD stands for Polycystic Ovarian Disease, a condition that affects the ovaries in women. In PCOD, the ovaries contain many small cysts or follicles that do not mature and release eggs as they would during a menstrual cycle. It is a hormonal disorder that can cause several symptoms, including irregular periods, acne, weight gain, excess hair growth, and fertility problems. The exact cause of PCOD is not fully understood. But it is believed to be related to an imbalance of hormones, particularly an excess of androgen hormones (such as testosterone) and insulin resistance.

Diagnosis of PCOD is typically made through a combination of physical exams, blood tests, and imaging studies. While there is no cure for PCOD, there are various treatments available that can help manage the symptoms and improve quality of life, including lifestyle changes (such as weight loss and exercise), medications (such as birth control pills and insulin-sensitizing drugs), and in some cases, surgery.

What is PCOS?

Your ovaries - the organ responsible for producing and releasing eggs - can make too many hormones, leading to the hormonal imbalance known as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Your ovaries produce unusually high levels of androgens if you have PCOS[1]. Your reproductive hormones become out of balance as a result. Women with PCOS frequently experience irregular menstrual cycles, missed periods, and unpredictable ovulation. When you don't ovulate (anovulation), small follicle cysts, fluid-filled sacs containing immature eggs, may be seen on your ovaries on ultrasound. Despite the name "polycystic," you don't necessarily have ovarian cysts to have PCOS. One of the most prevalent reasons for infertility in women and those who were assigned female at birth (AFAB) is PCOS.

PCOD and PCOS: Sign & Symptoms

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and Polycystic Ovary Disease (PCOD) are two conditions that affect the female reproductive system. Some common signs and symptoms[1] of PCOD and PCOS include irregular periods, heavy bleeding, acne, weight gain, hair loss or excess hair growth, and infertility. Women with PCOS may also have higher levels of male hormones (androgens) than usual, which can cause excessive facial and body hair growth apart from male-pattern baldness. Additionally, PCOS can lead to insulin resistance, which can cause weight gain, high blood sugar levels, and an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

It is important to note that not all women with PCOD or PCOS experience the same symptoms, and some may have no symptoms at all. If you suspect that you may have PCOD or PCOS, it is essential to consult a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

What are the signs & symptoms of PCOD?

The signs and symptoms of PCOD can vary from person to person, and some women may not have any symptoms at all. However, some of the most common signs and symptoms of PCOD include:

• Irregular periods: Women with PCOD may have infrequent, irregular, or prolonged menstrual periods. Heavy bleeding: Women with PCOD may experience heavy menstrual bleeding, sometimes requiring medical intervention.
• Excess hair growth: Women with PCOD may experience excess hair growth on their face, chest, stomach, back, or other areas of their body.
• Acne: Women with PCOD may experience acne, which may be severe and difficult to treat.
• Weight gain: Women with PCOD may have difficulty losing weight or may gain weight easily, particularly around their waist.
• Hair loss: Women with PCOD may experience hair loss or thinning, particularly on their scalp.
• Infertility: PCOD is a leading cause of infertility in women. Women with PCOD may have difficulty getting pregnant due to irregular periods, lack of ovulation, or other factors.
• Mood changes: Women with PCOD may experience mood changes, including depression and anxiety.

What are the signs & symptoms of PCOS?

The signs and symptoms of PCOS can vary from person to person, and not all women with PCOS will experience every symptom. Most of the signs and symptoms mirror the ones of PCOD. However, some of the other signs and symptoms of PCOS include:

• Insulin resistance: Women with PCOS may have insulin resistance, which can lead to high blood sugar levels and an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
• High levels of male hormones (androgens): Women with PCOS may have higher levels of androgens than normal, which can cause excess facial and body hair growth, as well as acne and male-pattern baldness.
• Sleep Apnea: Women with PCOS may be at increased risk of developing sleep apnea, a condition in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep.

PCOD and PCOS: Causes

The exact causes of PCOS and PCOD are not fully understood, but research suggests that both conditions can occur due to genetic and environmental factors. Insulin resistance, in particular, is thought to play a significant role in both PCOS and PCOD. Insulin resistance can cause the body to produce too much insulin, leading to hormonal imbalances and other health problems. While the exact causes of PCOS and PCOD are still under study, it is clear that these conditions can have a significant impact on a woman's health and quality of life.

What are the causes of PCOD?

Research has not yet identified the precise causes[2] of PCOD issues. However, there are some causes for it. As follows:

• Genetic makeup
• Insulin Resistance
• Obesity
• High levels of inflammation
• Excess insulin
• Excess androgen

What are the causes of PCOS?

There is no known cause for PCOS. There is proof that genetics are involved. Several additional factors, chief among them obesity, also contribute to PCOS development:

• Higher levels of male hormones (androgens)
• Insulin resistance
• Low-grade inflammation

PCOD and PCOS: Treatments

The treatment of PCOD and PCOS depends on the individual's specific symptoms and needs. There is no cure for PCOD or PCOS, but several treatment options can help manage symptoms and improve overall health. Some of the most common treatment options for PCOD and PCOS include:

• Lifestyle modifications: Making dietary changes and exercise habits can help manage symptoms of PCOD and PCOS, particularly weight management and insulin resistance.
• Birth control pills: Hormonal birth control pills can help regulate menstrual periods, reduce acne, and reduce excess hair growth in women with PCOD and PCOS.
• Metformin: Metformin is a medication commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes, but it is also sometimes used to treat insulin resistance in women with PCOD and PCOS.
• Anti-androgen medications: Medications that block the effects of male hormones (androgens) can help reduce excess hair growth and acne in women with PCOD and PCOS.
• Fertility treatments: Women with PCOD and PCOS trying to conceive may benefit from fertility treatments, such as ovulation induction or in vitro fertilization (IVF).
• Surgery: In rare cases, surgery may be necessary to remove cysts from the ovaries or to treat other complications of PCOD or PCOS.

Work with a healthcare provider to develop a treatment plan tailored to your needs and symptoms. For some women, a combination of treatments may effectively manage PCOD or PCOS.

PCOD and PCOS: Diagnosis

PCOD and PCOS diagnosis[2] typically involves a combination of medical history, physical exam, and diagnostic tests. Your healthcare provider may ask about your menstrual cycles, symptoms, and family history of PCOD or PCOS. They may also perform a physical exam to check for signs of PCOD or PCOS, such as excess hair growth or enlarged ovaries.

In addition to the medical history and physical exam, your healthcare provider may order one or more diagnostic tests to confirm the diagnosis of PCOD or PCOS. These tests may include:

• Blood tests: Blood tests can determine hormone levels, including testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and insulin levels.
• Pelvic ultrasound: A pelvic ultrasound can check for cysts on the ovaries and to measure the thickness of the endometrial lining.
• Glucose tolerance test: A glucose tolerance test can check for insulin resistance and diabetes.
• Androgen level test: This test checks for the level of androgens in the blood.
• Lipid level test: This test checks cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

PCOD and PCOS: Exercises

Exercise can be a helpful tool in managing symptoms of PCOD and PCOS, particularly weight management[3] and insulin resistance. Here are some types of exercise that may be particularly beneficial for women with PCOD or PCOS:

• Aerobic exercise: Activities like walking, jogging, cycling, or swimming can help burn calories and improve cardiovascular health, which can be particularly helpful for managing weight and reducing insulin resistance.
• Resistance training: Strength training exercises, such as lifting weights or resistance bands, can help build muscle and improve metabolic health.
• High-intensity interval training (HIIT): HIIT involves short bursts of intense exercise followed by rest. This exercise type is particularly effective for reducing insulin resistance and improving cardiovascular health.
• Yoga: Yoga can help reduce stress and improve flexibility, therefore helpful for women with PCOD or PCOS.
• Pilates: Pilates is a low-impact form of exercise that can help improve core strength and flexibility.

You can work with a healthcare provider and a qualified fitness professional to develop an exercise program that is effective for you.

PCOD and PCOS: Diet Chart

Diet plays a pivotal role in managing PCOD (Polycystic Ovary Disease) and PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome), as it can help improve insulin resistance, manage weight, and reduce inflammation[3]. Women with PCOD or PCOS may benefit from a diet high in fiber, protein, and healthy fats while limiting processed foods, sugar, and refined carbohydrates. A healthy PCOD/PCOS diet may also include foods that help regulate hormones, such as omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and low glycemic index carbohydrates. Working with a healthcare provider or a registered dietitian can help develop a personalized diet plan that addresses individual needs and goals.

Here is a sample of a dietary chart you can follow to manage your PCOD/PCOS.

Meal Time	Food Items
Breakfast	1 cup green tea + 2 boiled eggs + 1 multigrain toast
Mid-Morning Snack	1 fruit
Lunch	1 cup brown rice, 1 cup boiled vegetables, 1 cup dal
Afternoon Snack	1 cup Greek yogurt
Dinner	Grilled chicken/fish, 1 cup quinoa, 1 cup steamed veggies
After Dinner Snack	1 cup warm milk with 1 tsp turmeric and honey

PCOD and PCOS: Home Remedies

While there is no cure for PCOD or PCOS, some home remedies may help manage symptoms and improve overall health. However, note that home remedies should not be considered a substitute for medical treatment, and you must work with a healthcare provider to develop an effective management plan. Here are some home remedies that may help manage PCOD or PCOS:

• Exercise: Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise, such as brisk walking, most days of the week.
• Diet: Focus on eating whole foods rich in fiber, protein, and healthy fats, while limiting processed foods, sugar, and refined carbohydrates.
• Mind-body practices: Yoga, meditation, or deep breathing exercises may help manage stress and improve overall well-being.
• Herbal supplements: Some herbs, such as cinnamon, fenugreek, and spearmint, have been shown to have potential benefits for managing PCOD or PCOS symptoms. However, talk to a healthcare provider before taking herbal supplements, as they can interact with other medications or have unwanted side effects.
• Probiotics: Eating probiotic-rich foods, such as yogurt, kefir, or kimchi, or a probiotic supplement may be helpful.

PCOD and PCOS: Complications

PCOD and PCOS can lead to many complications[3] if left untreated or poorly managed. Some potential complications include:

• Infertility: Irregular periods or a lack of ovulation can make it difficult for women with PCOD or PCOS to get pregnant.
• Metabolic syndrome: PCOD and PCOS can increase the risk of metabolic syndrome, which is a cluster of conditions that include high blood pressure, high blood sugar, abnormal cholesterol levels, and excess belly fat.
• Type 2 diabetes: Insulin resistance, common in PCOD and PCOS, can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
• Cardiovascular disease: Women with PCOD or PCOS may be at increased risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly if they also have other risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, or abnormal cholesterol levels.
• Endometrial cancer: Irregular periods or a lack of ovulation can lead to a buildup of the uterus lining, increasing the risk of endometrial cancer.
• Depression and anxiety: Women with PCOD or PCOS may be at increased risk of depression and anxiety, particularly if they struggle with infertility or other related health problems.

PCOD and PCOS: Differences

Although they may sound similar enough, PCOS and PCOD differ[4] slightly. In PCOD, the ovaries release immature eggs, which cause hormonal imbalances and other symptoms like swollen ovaries. However, in PCOS, endocrine problems cause the ovaries to produce too much androgen, which increases the risk of cystic ovulation. But unlike PCOD, these cysts won't get released; instead, they'll accumulate inside the ovaries.

Features	PCOS	PCOD
Definition	Hormonal disorder with metabolic complications	The ovarian disorder primarily involves cysts
Hormones	Elevated androgens, insulin resistance	Hormonal imbalances, elevated estrogen
Ovarian Cysts	Multiple small cysts on ovaries	Multiple small cysts on ovaries
Symptoms	Irregular periods, hirsutism, acne, weight gain, insulin resistance, male pattern baldness, skin tags	Irregular periods, hirsutism, acne, weight gain
Causes	Genetics, insulin resistance, inflammation	Genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors
Complications	Infertility, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, endometrial cancer	Infertility, ovarian cysts complications

PCOD and PCOS: FAQs

When it comes to medical issues, finding the appropriate answers is paramount. Here are answers to some of the most commonly asked questions.

Q1. What to expect from a doctor when going for an appointment?

Your doctor will check your blood pressure and inquire about your symptoms to rule out any other potential causes. To determine whether PCOS or another hormone-related condition is to blame for excessive hormone production, they will also arrange for you to undergo several hormone tests.

Q2. Is PCOD and PCOS the same thing?

In PCOD, the ovaries release immature eggs, which cause hormonal imbalances and other symptoms like swollen ovaries. However, in PCOS, endocrine problems cause the ovaries to produce too much androgen, which increases the risk of cystic ovulation.

Q3. How to check for PCOD and PCOS?

There is no single test to diagnose PCOD and PCOS. However, multiple tests, such as blood tests, pelvic exams, ultrasound, etc., can help the doctor determine whether you have PCOD or PCOS.

Q4. How to cure PCOD and PCOS?

You cannot completely cure PCOD and PCOS. However, you can manage its symptoms with lifestyle modifications and medical treatment determined by your doctor.

Q5. Can a PCOS girl get pregnant?

You might have trouble getting pregnant if you have PCOS. Fortunately, most people with PCOS can conceive with lifestyle adjustments or infertility treatment.

Q6. Is PCOD a serious problem?

PCOS gets primarily regarded as a more serious condition. PCOD can frequently be controlled with simple lifestyle adjustments, and in some cases, no additional medical care is necessary.

PCOD and PCOS: When to See A Doctor?

Women who have PCOS or PCOD may not menstruate at all, have irregular or lengthy periods, as well as one or more of the following symptoms:

• Acne
• Hair growth on the face and other parts of the body
• Patches of thick, velvety, dark skin, often on the neck or groin area
• Trouble getting pregnant (fertility problems)
• Weight gain, often around the waist

If you experience any of these signs, consult a doctor.

Conclusion

Common conditions like PCOS and PCOD can alter your menstrual cycle and result in other symptoms. If you think you might have PCOS or PCOD, discuss your symptoms with your healthcare provider. If getting pregnant is your goal, lifestyle modifications and medical treatments can help you manage the symptoms, reduce your risk of developing other health issues, and get pregnant.

Get Expert Care for PCOD and PCOS at DPU Hospital

Consult your doctor if you suspect you have PCOD or PCOS. If you are unsure which doctor to contact, contact our experts at DPU Hospital. If the doctor believes your condition is serious, they may offer immediate treatment options. Our certified and experienced doctors specialize in diagnosis and treatment. So, request an appointment with the doctor today.